            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (
                id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
                first_name VARCHAR(255),
                last_name VARCHAR(255),

                gender VARCHAR(255),
                birth_day DATE, 

                email VARCHAR(255),
                phone_number VARCHAR(20),

                role VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, -- SUPER_ADMIN, INSTRUCTOR, STUDENT, SUPPORT
                password BYTEA NOT NULL,
                age INT,
                education_level VARCHAR(100),
                country VARCHAR(100),
                region VARCHAR(100),

                knowledge_level VARCHAR(50), -- BEGINNER, INTERMEDIATE, ADVANCED    
                nick_name VARCHAR(100),
                occupation VARCHAR(150),
                learning_goal TEXT,
                language_goal TEXT,
                language_challange TEXT,
                favourite_topic TEXT,

                initial_assessment_completed BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT FALSE,    
                email_verified BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT FALSE,
                phone_verified BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT FALSE,
                status VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, -- PENDING, ACTIVE, SUSPENDED, DEACTIVATED
                last_login TIMESTAMPTZ,
                profile_completed BOOLEAN,
                profile_picture_url TEXT,
                preferred_language VARCHAR(50),

                created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ,

                -- Enforce: at least one contact method must be provided
                CONSTRAINT users_email_or_phone_required
                    CHECK (email IS NOT NULL OR phone_number IS NOT NULL)
            );

            -- Remove the old column
            ALTER TABLE users
            DROP COLUMN age;

            -- Add age_group with constrained values
            ALTER TABLE users
            ADD COLUMN age_group VARCHAR(20);

            ALTER TABLE users
            ADD CONSTRAINT users_age_group_check
            CHECK (
                age_group IN (
                    'UNDER_13',
                    '13_17',
                    '18_24',
                    '25_34',
                    '35_44',
                    '45_54',
                    '55_PLUS'
                )
            );

            ALTER TABLE users
            ADD COLUMN google_id VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE,
            ADD COLUMN google_email_verified BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE;

            ALTER TABLE users
            ALTER COLUMN password DROP NOT NULL;

            CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_users_google_id
            ON users (google_id)
            WHERE google_id IS NOT NULL;

            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS assessment_questions (
                id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,

                title TEXT NOT NULL,
                description TEXT,

                question_type VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, 
                -- MULTIPLE_CHOICE, TRUE_FALSE, SHORT_ANSWER

                difficulty_level VARCHAR(50), 
                -- EASY, MEDIUM, HARD

                points INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,

                is_active BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT TRUE,

                created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ
            );

            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS assessment_question_options (
                id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,

                question_id BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES assessment_questions(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,

                option_text TEXT NOT NULL,
                option_order INT NOT NULL,

                is_correct BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT FALSE,

                created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,

                UNIQUE (question_id, option_order)
            );

            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS assessment_short_answers (
                id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,

                question_id BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES assessment_questions(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,

                correct_answer TEXT NOT NULL,

                created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
            );

            ALTER TABLE assessment_questions
            ADD CONSTRAINT chk_question_type
            CHECK (question_type IN ('MULTIPLE_CHOICE', 'TRUE_FALSE', 'SHORT_ANSWER'));

            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS assessment_attempts (
                id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,

                user_id BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,

                total_questions INT NOT NULL,
                total_points INT NOT NULL,

                score INT,
                percentage NUMERIC(5,2),

                status VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, 
                -- IN_PROGRESS, SUBMITTED, EVALUATED

                started_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                submitted_at TIMESTAMPTZ,
                evaluated_at TIMESTAMPTZ,

                created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ
            );

            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS assessment_attempt_questions (
                id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,

                attempt_id BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES assessment_attempts(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
                question_id BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES assessment_questions(id),

                question_type VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
                points INT NOT NULL,

                created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,

                UNIQUE (attempt_id, question_id)
            );

            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS assessment_attempt_answers (
                id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,

                attempt_id BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES assessment_attempts(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
                question_id BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES assessment_questions(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,

                -- For MCQ / TRUE_FALSE
                selected_option_id BIGINT 
                    REFERENCES assessment_question_options(id),

                -- For SHORT_ANSWER
                submitted_text TEXT,

                is_correct BOOLEAN,
                awarded_points INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,

                created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,

                UNIQUE (attempt_id, question_id),

                CHECK (
                    (selected_option_id IS NOT NULL AND submitted_text IS NULL)
                    OR
                    (selected_option_id IS NULL AND submitted_text IS NOT NULL)
                )
            );

            ALTER TABLE assessment_attempts
            ADD CONSTRAINT chk_attempt_status
            CHECK (status IN ('IN_PROGRESS', 'SUBMITTED', 'EVALUATED'));

            ALTER TABLE assessment_attempt_questions
            ADD CONSTRAINT chk_attempt_question_type
            CHECK (question_type IN ('MULTIPLE_CHOICE', 'TRUE_FALSE', 'SHORT_ANSWER'));

            CREATE TABLE refresh_tokens (
                id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
                user_id BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
                token TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
                expires_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL,
                revoked BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT FALSE,
                created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
            );

            CREATE TABLE otps (
                id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
                user_id BIGSERIAL NOT NULL,
                sent_to VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
                medium VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, -- email, sms
                otp_for VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, -- register, reset
                otp VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
                used BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT FALSE,
                used_at TIMESTAMPTZ,
                expires_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL,
                created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
            );

            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS notifications (
                id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
                user_id BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,

                type TEXT NOT NULL CHECK (
                    type IN (
                        'course_enrolled',
                        'lesson_completed',
                        'assessment_assigned',
                        'assessment_submitted',
                        'assessment_graded',
                        'course_completed',
                        'certificate_issued',
                        'announcement',
                        'otp_sent',
                        'signup_welcome',
                        'system_alert'
                    )
                ),

                level TEXT NOT NULL CHECK (
                    level IN ('info', 'warning', 'success', 'error')
                ),

                channel TEXT CHECK (
                    channel IN ('email', 'sms', 'push', 'in_app')
                ),

                title TEXT NOT NULL,
                message TEXT NOT NULL,

                payload JSONB,
                is_read BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT FALSE,

                created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                read_at TIMESTAMPTZ
            );

            CREATE TABLE global_settings (
                key TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
                value TEXT NOT NULL,
                created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
            );

            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS reported_issues (
                id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
                user_id BIGINT NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id),
                user_role VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
                subject TEXT NOT NULL,
                description TEXT NOT NULL,
                issue_type TEXT NOT NULL,
                -- e.g., "deposit", "withdrawal", "bet", "technical"
                status TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'pending',
                -- pending, in_progress, resolved, rejected
                metadata JSONB,
                created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                updated_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
            );

